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Orality and Transformation in Ben Okri’s The Famished Road - Literature Essay Samples

‘Life is full of riddles that only the dead can answer.’ The ‘dead’ are important to Ben Okri’s The Famished Road in a number of ways. His narrator Azuro is ‘Abiku’; the ‘spirit’ child of Yoruba mythology, predestined to an early death and connected to the ‘spirit world’ by persistent and esoteric threads. Unlike the Christian Lazarus with whom his name is associated, Azaro does not undergo bodily resurrection but repeated death and re-birth. The cyclical nature of his existence is significant in that it allows Okri’s narrative to span the ‘real’ and the ‘spirit’ worlds and the transitional space between the two. Thus, the novel sets up an intriguing paradigm of reality in which esoteric existence is afforded the same narrative significance as the newly independent Nigeria in which the novel is set. Yet, the novel also relies on ‘the dead’ in a wider sense. Okri’s invocation of Nigerian mythology and paradigms of folklore constru cts an intriguing historicism as the narrative models of past generations are regenerated within his writing. This sense of transformation, or as Ato Quason suggests a ‘mythopoetic discourse’ denotes an intriguing interaction between tradition and innovation as Nigerian indigenous culture is reinvented by a ‘post-modern’ text. This interaction is central to the narrative form of The Famished Road. Storytelling is at the heart of the novel and it evokes paradigms of folktales and orality with its limited first-person perspective and expressions of proverbial wisdom. The novel’s opening is formulaic; providing an invitation to be read that is characteristic of creationist myths; ‘In the beginning, there was a river. The river became a road and the road branched out into the whole world. And because the road was once a river, it was always hungry.’ (p3) The notion of a ‘Famished Road’ connects the novel to Nigerian mythology. As Ato Quayson points out, in southwestern Nigeria prayers are directed at the road ‘†¦asking it not to swallow up suppliants on their journeys.’ This is furthered by the original source of the road as a ‘river’ as it forms a parallel with the Yoruba creation myth in which the universe begins in a transient and watery state as ‘†¦the sky, the water and the marshland.’ Thus, Okri’s opening sentence engages with a wider sense of beginnings as it both signifies the start of the novel and indicates his conscious allusion to earlier modes of story telling within indigenous culture. The notion of a transmitting of story through the generations remains central to Okri’s novel as the narrative structure is interjected by oral storytelling. Towards the end of Book Three, the ‘famished road’ re-surfaces as the subject of his father’s story. The tale is performed in the dark, inaugurating a sensory shift as Okri’s setting is communicated through sound; ‘The chair creaked. Outside, a dog barked. An owl hooted.’ (p258) The inability of Okri’s characters to see clearly is important; it connects the story to the incantatory darkness of dreams and visions and allows the imagination free reign. Notably, the tale adheres to a folkloric paradigm; encompassing myth and symbol as the road’s insatiable hunger is explained by the reduction of the ‘King of the Road’ to a ravenous and growling ‘stomach’ (261). The narrative opens with the stock phrase ‘Once upon a time’ and conclude s with the proverbial ‘†¦That is why there are so many accidents in the world.’ (p261) Strikingly, the opening and closing lines of Okri’s novel as a whole follow a similar pattern. Both its formulaic beginning and gnomic conclusion that ‘A dream can be the highest point of life’(p500) connect the novel to oral modes of story telling suggests a continuance of oral tradition as the novel participates in the narrative culture that precedes it. Ato Quayson explores this participation in his 1997 study Strategic Transformations in Nigerian Writing. Quayson draws a parallel between Okri’s narrative and Joseph Miller’s definition of the narrative ‘clichà ©s’ around which oral tales are structured. Thus, for Quayson, the novel constructs an ‘orality paradigm within the space of a literary one’ as the conventions of oral story telling are re-invented within the modern form of the single narrative novel. This notion of dual narrative expectation is important as it points to an intriguing sense of historicism within Okri’s novel. The symbiosis between the traditions of indigenous culture modern writing, indicate a movement away from a sequential, and essentially Western understanding of reality as Okri shows history to be active within the present. This is furthered by the glow from the Azuro’s Father’s ‘cigarette’ that finally lights the darkness as the c onnection between of story and firelight further connects the narrative to the conventions of orality. Thus, Okri constructs a sense of a-temporality as the glow from a cigarette takes on the role of a communal fire. In this way, Okri is positioned as heir to indigenous Nigerian culture and mythology. However, whilst The Famished Road participates in paradigms of orality, it equally draws parallels with a more recent tradition of Nigerian literature; with the resurgence of folkloric paradigms and mythology following the writing of Amos Tutola and Wole Soyinka. Soyinka makes an explicit connection with the symbol of a ‘famished’ road in ‘Death in the Dawn.’ The poem opens with a direct addressing to the reader; ‘Traveler, you must set out / At dawn. And wipe your feet upon / The dog-nose wetness of the earth.’ The notion of origins is important here. As with the opening of The Famished Road, the line is tied up with journey and travel, suggesting both the ‘set[ting] out’ of the ‘Traveler’ and the beginnings of the poem. Since the first-person address places the reader as the ‘Traveler’, the poem appears to suggest a narr ative course, engaging with the journey of writing and of being read. Strikingly, the ‘wetness’ of the earth suggests as similar state of flux to that indicated by the ‘river’ at the start of Okri’s novel. This shared notion of a transformation from water to road is intriguing as it evokes a wider sense of cycles. Here, Quayson’s notion of a ‘communally held culture’ appears particularly apt as water always returns to a greater source. Quayson describes Okri’s own preoccupation of cycles of re-birth as influenced by Soyinka’s handling of the ‘Abiku.’ It is tempting to draw cultural significance from the writer’s shared tropes, especially when considering the further parallels that connect Okri with Tutuola. Just as Azuro begins his narrative around the age of seven, in The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the life-story of Tutuola’s unnamed narrator begins from when he is ‘about seven years old.’ Thus, in connecting with the literature of both the past and th e present, Okri gives weight to the concept of a shared culture and transmitting of narrative material. Here, T.S. Eliot’s famous assertion that ‘mature poets steal’ appears particularly fitting. If, as Quayson suggests, Okri is orchestrating a duality between ‘an orality paradigm within the space of a literary one’ then he is surely, participating in the kind of ‘steal[ing]’ advocated by Eliot. At the heart of this reading then, is the notion of transformation and community within shared culture the works of ‘dead poets and artists’ are imbued with new significance and life. However, the polarities between The Famished Road and the writings of Tutuola and Soyinka must also be examined. As Derek Wright points out, The Famished Road is remote from the ‘Folkloric dream-narratives of Amos Tutuola†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in that Okri ‘†¦does not envisage his world as an imaginary mythic, metaphorical or parabolic construct’ but allows the ‘real’ and the ‘spirit’ worlds equal narrative status. This view is striking in that it emphases Okri’s paradigm of reality rather than his commitment to a continuance of indigenous culture. Okri warns us early on that ‘one world contains glimpses of others’(p10) and in integrating the activity of spirits within the prosaic lives of his characters, he creates a narrative structure in which the real is a fluid and changeable concept rather than a fixed actuality. This notion is concretised by Azuro’s discovery of a tribal mask in Book Three of The Famished Ro ad. The ease with which Okri shifts from the real to the surreal is striking as the candid simplicity of Azuro’s narrative allows him to look out ‘from its eyes’ (p244) and move into the realms of myth as he sees ‘a different world’ (p245) Yet, what makes this passage so intriguing is the tone of normality created by Okri’s syntax. Azuro’s remark that ‘I saw a tiger with silver wings and the teeth of a bull’ contains the same employment of verbs as ‘I rested against a tree and shut my eyes’ (p244). This constructs a strange situation in which the mythological and the prosaic hold the same syntactic status; a balance compounded by the ‘I’ that begins each sentence. The passage then is to do with perception; Azaro looks through the mask and accepts the mythological as part of his existence. His acceptance opposes the Enlightenment understanding of reality that Okri wishes to challenge as the sequential and temporal are discarded in favour of the esoteric. However, the passage also further connects Okri’s writing to indigenous culture. As Iris Andreski illustrates in her study of the life-stories of Ibibio women in Old Wives’ Tales, the co-existence of esoteric and physical worlds is an accepted norm in much of rural Nigeria. This is made clear in The Reluctant Sorceress in which the narrator recounts how ‘Devil spirits drove me out of the house and into a thick forest for one year†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Okri’s novel can thus be seen as a mode of seeing that it not Eurocentric. The narrative displays a fascination with perspective and optics as the action is either captured by the incongruous perspective of the Abiku or from th e lens of the ‘Photographer’s’ camera. Thus, the novel functions as a kind of literary mask through which the reader is able to glimpse ‘a different world.’ (p245) However, such a reading must be approached with caution if one is to avoid reconstructing a homogenous and essentially colonial perception of ‘Africa’ as a continent of myth and esoteric primitivism. The notion of an indigenous and non-sequential view of reality is appealing yet it denotes a level of otherness; an inability to see things in the same way. In his Modernism, Africa and the Myth of Continents, Jon Hegglund cites Conrad and Picasso as unintentionally active in the reduction of ‘the diversity of a continent to a single abstraction.’ Since their route towards the ‘modernist transformation’ ran ‘through Africa’ Hegglund demonstrates their work as simplifying its cultural complexity. This movement from intricacy to generalized concept provides a note of caution when approaching Okri. The notion of a mythological pool from which the works of Okri, Soyinka and Tutuola are drawn is appealing in its invocation of shared story and transformation yet it risks falling into a similar, Westernised generalisation. It is vital to note that these writers are working in English. The Famished Road presents a connection with Nigerian tradition yet it is equally indicative of colonialism. Whilst the novel’s beginning evokes the narrative clichà ©s demonstrated by Muller, it is also pseudo-Christian as ‘river’ replaces ‘the Word’ of John’s Gospel. This is furthered by the opening of the tale of the ‘King of the Road’ as ‘Once upon a time’ is an essentially European stock phrase. Thus, Okri is concerned with a wider process of metamorphosis. The novel involves a transformation of literary models as both Nigerian fo lklore and Western clichà ©s are reinvented by his narrative form, yet it also points to the cultural transformation of a country. Here, the novel’s setting takes on a greater significance as, despite its separation from the United Kingdom, Okri shows an absorption of Western influence within the language and story of Nigeria making the two collectively bound.

Mass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society - 2911 Words

Introduction At any given time, there are approximately 2 million American citizens incarcerated and nearly 700,000 inmates returning to their communities each year. (Petitt Western, 2004; Western, 2001). Since most prisoners are eventually released, mass incarceration has in turn produced a steep rise in the number of individuals reentering society and undergoing the process of social and economic reintegration. (Travis, 2005). During the period between 1982 and 2007, the number of Americans incarcerated in jails and prisons increased by 274% (Pew Center on the States, 2009). In addition to the increase of the individuals incarcerated, there is an even larger amount of individuals under community supervision, with a recent study finding that one in every 48 American adults are either on probation or parole on any given day (Glaze Bonczar, 2011). Recent statistics show that the percentage of parolees re-incarcerated after release currently stands at 32% (Maruschak and Parks, 2012). The growing number of individuals exiting prison each year has prompted renewed interest among academics and policymakers in the challenges of reintegrating former prisoners into society (Visher Travis, 2003). The challenges of reentry appears to be daunting, as the prospects for successful reentry are often dim. More than 40 percent of those released return to prison within three years, a phenomenon known as the â€Å"revolving door† (Pew Center on the States, 2011). This â€Å"revolving door† is aShow MoreRelatedMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society1492 Words   |  6 Pageswidespread societal and economic damage caused by America’s now-40-year experiment in locking up vast numbers of its citizens. (The Editorial Board) The standard way of thinking about mass incarceration has it that mass incarceration is putting a stop to crimes. Today it has become common to dismiss the truth about mass incarceration. The Editorial Board of New York Times Magazine acknowledge that America`s imprisonment population has progressed to about 2.2 million (the Editorial Board). The Editorial BoardRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Families, Communities, And Society1400 Words   |  6 Pagespaved the way to create a cycle of endless incarceration for many people but especially for those of color. Such as the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act and the lack of substance abuse treatment in prisons. Overwhelmingly, mass incarceration has had a great impact on families, communities and society as a whole. As illuminated through the parable by inmate Joe Martinez, this continued cycling of inmates in and out of prison is devastating to the growth society. At the beginning of the parable theRead MoreThe Effects Of High Incarceration On The United States879 Words   |  4 PagesA. Societal Effects From Increasing Alienated Population The vast societal effects from mass incarceration have caused an increasingly alienated population to form in the U.S., which can be broadly classified in the dual areas of lasting effects and impacts to the family unit. First, the lasting effects of high incarceration rates are that they impact the rights of the convict, particularly African Americans. For example, noted civil rights attorney Michelle Alexander posits that the longRead MoreMass Incarceration802 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifies the racialized mass incarceration problem that we have in our criminal justice system. Reading the book, you can see that mass incarceration is a social problem. This means that the problem can follow the six stages of the policy process. If I were a claimsmaker, I could assert that mass incarceration is a problem by following the six stages. In the claimsmaking stage, I would claim that the War on Drugs creates the racialized mass incarceration in our society today. To show that we haveRead MoreCriminals Must Be Punished For Breaking The Laws Of The Land1489 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we discipline those who do not respect the law is vanishing. So, what will we do with criminals once all our jails exceed their maximum capacity? Those who break the law pose a danger to our society which is why we developed the system of incarceration. Jails have functioned in our society to protect citizens, or those who obey the constitution. For years, our jails were able to separate criminals from obedient citizens as well as punish criminals for their wrong doings. In the past, peopleRead MoreThe Division Of Our Society : Exploring Mass Imprisonment1737 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration The Division of Our Society: Exploring Mass Imprisonment Pamela D. Jackson WRIT 130: Research Paper Professor Jane Campanizzi-Mook September 11th 2015 ABSTRACT Prison is unfortunately big business in the United States and our society is paying the ultimate cost and there is only one system being rewarded. More than often we do not put much emphasis on the prison system in its entirety. It is a fairly simple concept to most Americans that if you commit a crime or ifRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesreaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminal rehabilitation in the United States is extremely flawed. There are many far-reaching consequences of this practice that not only affects the incarcerated but larger society on a whole. The phrase mass incarceration, according to Oxford Encyclopedia, refers to â€Å"comparatively and historically extremeRead MoreThe Problem With Mass Incarceration1445 Words   |  6 Pages The Problem with Mass Incarceration Over the past few decades, the United States has witnessed a huge surge in the number of individuals in jail and in prison. Evidence suggests the mass imprisonment policy from the last 40 years was a horrible catastrophe. Putting more people in prison not only ruined lives, it disrupted families, prevented ex-prisoners to find housing, to get an education, or even a good job. Regrettably, the United States has a higher percent of its population incarcerated

Analysis Of Terry Pratchett s Captain Samuel Vimes

Americans in general look to superstars, athletes, and business moguls as the pinnacle of economic power, and hold them in great esteem for the amount of money they possess. We tend to see their success as the new ‘American Dream’ and strive to obtain what they have. However, while we know how the rich and well-to-do obtained their wealth, how do they manage to keep it? Why is it so difficult for the economically poor to change their fortune? Terry Pratchett utilized a character from his Diskworld series, Captain Samuel Vimes, to demonstrate out one of the key reasons that the wealthy manage to stay wealthy. â€Å"The reason that the rich were so rich, Vimes reasoned, was because they managed to spend less money. Take boots, for example.†¦show more content†¦After taking into account the value of all marketable assets, all debts, such as credit cards, mortgages, and others, are subtracted, yielding a person’s or family’s net worth. Additionally, it is important to distinguish wealth from income. A person’s income is what is earned from any work they do, or services they provide. However, income is also derived from dividends or interest they earn from investments, or rent that may be paid to them from property they own. It is interesting to note that in 2008, there were 13,480 tax returns with a reported income of over $10 million. â€Å"Of the $400 billion in income reported on those 13,480 returns, only 19 percent of it came from wages and salaries, much less than came from capital gains, even in such a bad year for stocks.† (Norris, 2010) This report demonstrates that the majority of the wealthy in the United States do not ‘work’ for a living; rather they live off of the results of investments they have made. This fact also bring to light another question. Exactly how is wealth within the United States distributed amongst the population? The Congressional Budget Office prepared a report in 2016 titled ‘Trends in Family Wealth, 1989 to 2013’. That report states the â€Å"aggregate family wealth in the United States was $67 trillion (or

Prohibition of Torture and Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence free essay sample

On 2009, the Executive Director of the Asia Program at Human Rights Watch, says: â€Å"The criminal justice system remains plagued by forced confessions and torture†¦[2] However, it must be recognized that since 1979, when the former criminal procedure law was adopted, until the 2010’ exclusionary rules of illegally obtained evidence, and even more recently the draft of the Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, China has been taking steps to major reforms[3]. As some scholars stated, China’s legal system is a work in progress, and the purpose of this paper is to see how that progress is taking place with respect of prohibition of torture. In terms of law reforms, there have been major changes. For instance, in 1997 the shelter and investigation† was abolished. [4] Later on, in 2010, the exclusionary rules were enacted prohibiting the use of torture. However, the issue at stake is whether or not those laws have actually been implemented. We will write a custom essay sample on Prohibition of Torture and Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2010, in Henan province, Zhao Zuohai was released after spending eleven years in prison for a crime he didn’t commit; but was tortured and forced to self incriminate for. The guy he supposedly killed reappeared alive and the Government gave Zhao $96 000 as compensation. [5] Could that money compensate the torture he suffered and the fact that now his wife got remarried and his kids were adopted by the new husband? 6] On June this year, a draft of the amendments of the Criminal Procedural Law was submitted to the 11th National Peoples Congress (NPC) Standing Committee. In relation with the prohibition of torture and the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence, it states that: evidences and confessions collected by torture, violence, and threats should not be accepted. [7] Procuratorial organs should investigate allegations of collecting evidence through illegal methods,[8] â€Å"Interrogators suspected to have collected confessions or evidence through illegal methods shoul d be criminally prosecuted. †[9] It also states that: â€Å"all interrogations of suspects should be conducted in detention houses and the entire interrogation should be videotaped for the most serious criminal cases, according to the draft amendment. †[10] This essay analyzes the path that China is taking in order to prohibit torture and to exclude illegally obtained evidence. The first part will bring a definition of torture as well as a description of torture and punishment in imperial China. The second part will analyze the current law and the draft of the Amendments of the Criminal Procedural Law with respect of torture. Third part describes a case of torture took place in China. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations will be given. 1. Definition of torture Article 1 of the Convention Against Torture (CAT) defines torture as: â€Å"Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions. †[11] According to this definition torture enclosures not only acts of confessions, but also punishment and discrimination. According to the China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) torture is a serious violation of basic human rights and human being dignity which is intolerable under modern civilization and rule of law. [12] 2. Background: Brief historical analysis of how torture was developed in China before 1979 It can be said that the use of torture in recent times reflects in certain way the vision of the past times. On the other hand, the major changes shows an intention of depart from those imperial practices. [13] Mainly, two schools of thought have influenced today’s Chinese legal setting on punishment and torture: Confucianism and Legalism. Both of them, although with a different point of view came to the conclusion that punishment is an acceptable and in fact indispensable human institution. [14] For Confucius, the ruler must govern with â€Å"li†(rites) (modes of behavior) rather than governing in accordance with positive law and the threat of punishment. 15] According to him, the effect of punishment on society is negative and people will try to elude the rules and deceive the ruler. However, Confucius stated that punishments can be applied as a last resort when extraordinary circumstances occur. He recognized that there are some â€Å"evildoers† who cannot be affected by moral instruction and the only way to induce such persons to observe †li† is through punishment. So, punishment is appropriate for the correction of the incorrigible. [16] However, punishment has to be exactly right. Punishment can never be just, they can only be right.

Leading Life with Smiles On The Face Essays - Facial Expressions

Leading Life With Smiles On the Face Do you ever know that what makes life joyful, happy or even full of pleasure? Smiling is the answer. Instead of showing a gloomy face, why don?t we begin our everyday lives with a warmhearted smile? It will certainly make our lives much better and wonderful. Smiling indicates a sign of happiness on us. Smiling not only shows that we are contented, it will also make other people feel blissful and relaxed. In fact, there is one famous quote created by an American inspirational writer, H. Jackson Brown, Jr. about smile., that is ?Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day?. When we smile at somebody, they might even smile back at us. Smiling simply means that we are delighted, and by showing others our cheery grin will certainly make all lives happy. Therefore, smiling will make others put a grin on their faces. Life seems to be full of obstacles and hardship. Smiling is the ultimate solution to work out the problem. Smiling makes you look successful indeed. Smiling will also grant you the feeling of hope and faith, as smiling can fill you up with the strength and confident to survive. Hence, be sure to show your smiley face, especially when you meet a disheartened person. This will be the best cure for them. Besides that, do not feel depressed even when you face difficulties. As the saying goes, ?there is always light at the end of the tunnel?. In fact, you should just smile and problems might become simpler. Also, there is a saying that goes, ?A smile can brighten the darkest sky?. Thus, smiling definitely makes you look at the brighter side of a bad situation. An amiable grin will absolutely place you in a positive position all over the place. Smiling shows that you are a friendly person and it also gives you a child like innocence. Furthermore, with a smiley face, you will be more contagious to the people around you. Two persons will get closer to each other when they start to smile at each other. You look gracious when you smile and thus, people will like to stay together with you. In addition, smiling is important in bringing the whole world together. An American philosopher, Max Eastman says that, ?a smile is the universal welcome?. For that reason, all people in the world should smile everyday to ensure world peace, as peace begins with smile. Lastly, smiling prolongs life. Smiling relieves all the tensions and pressures in lives, thus causing us to feel relieved. Getting angry for the whole time will surely disrupt our nervous systems and this results in the shortening of lifespan. Smiling functions as a natural drug that eases all pains without producing negative offshoots. It is believed that smiling can get rid of feeling of annoyance and promotes human flourishing. Moreover, smiling builds up attractive and appealing looks. Research actually shows that smiling also makes us look younger. Next, smiling tends to adjust our moods. We will feel better when we smile and we can have a good mood. As a result, we should always put a smile on our face to ensure a healthy lifestyle. In a nutshell, we should lead our lives with smiles on our face. We must not hesitate to smile at other people since smiling is a virtuous act. Life is just the resemblance of a mirror, we will always end up getting the greatest consequences when we smile at it. Therefore, let us smile together till the end of the world.

Inferno and Infernal

Inferno and Infernal Inferno and Infernal Inferno and Infernal By Maeve Maddox When I see the word inferno, I think fire, but originally, the word did not carry the connotation of intense heat. The association with burning derives from beliefs taught by some religions about the afterlife. The OED offers only one definition of inferno: Hell; a place of torment or misery compared to hell; a place likened in some respect to the Inferno of Dantes Divine Comedy. Merriam-Webster offers three definitions of inferno: 1. a place or a state of torment and suffering. 2. a place that resembles or suggests hell in being dark, noisy, chaotic, lawless. 3. intense heat. English speakers, British as well as American, use inferno to mean an intense conflagration: Tracking the inferno: where wildfires are hitting California, other states hardest- The Guardian. Scientists find planets that survived red giant inferno- The London Times. Thirty people feared dead and 40 more injured after shopping centre inferno causes mall to collapse in Russia  - The Daily Mail. Multiple fire departments reported to the scene of the inferno just after 7 p.m. Sunday, and spent nearly the next 12 hours battling the blaze.- Galloway Patch (New Jersey). Small Fire Becomes Inferno, Burning Homes in California- New York Times.   Like inferno, the adjective that derives from it, infernal, refers to the realm of the dead or a place of punishment after death: Paradise Lost  opens with the fallen angels in hell. Mammon proposes that they build an infernal kingdom of their own, imitating the majesty of heaven through the material riches of the kingdom of hell. Infernal is commonly used as a synonym for hellish, damnable, damned, diabolical, and fiendish. Here are some examples: City Tells Ice Cream Trucks To Keep That Infernal Racket  Down When will these so-called â€Å"voters† stop with their infernal meddling? Will you stop with your infernal fear-mongering? Gatlin and his ilk have brought not only themselves down with their infernal lies  but the whole athletics community. I turned my eye towards him and immediately caught his eye, which he kept staring upon me for more than a minute, with the most infernal expression I have ever seen upon a human face. An â€Å"infernal machine† is â€Å"a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode and destroy life or property, especially one in the form of something harmless. For example: To greet the Princes return to Sofia this month, the Chief of the Russian Secret Police sent him an  infernal machine disguised as a  box of the finest cigars.- Sherlock Holmes and The Case of The Bulgarian Codex, Tim Symonds, 2012. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureUse a Dash for Number RangesUsing "May" in a Question

Should individuals be allowed to sell their organs on the open market Research Paper

Should individuals be allowed to sell their organs on the open market in the U.S - Research Paper Example Those improvements would increase the number of lives saved. Putting a social priority in place and imposing regulations that require donation when possible will help to increase the number of patients saved by organ donation. In addition, opening the avenue of commerce for body part sales from live donors will allow for more lives to be saved when the social concept that it is unethical is removed. The integrity of the medical community is one of the primary concerns in the idea of making medical care subject to commerce. However, the United States already limits health care to those who can afford it. Therefore, selling organs in an open, but controlled market is not against the ethics of the medical community and will allow for more patients to receive the treatment that they need in order to promote longer, healthier lives. Organ transplants: Selling body parts for profit Organ transplants depend upon donations from the loved ones of people who have died or the loved ones of thos e who need an organ that can be taken from a live donor with still preserving that life. Blood can be donated in bulk along with plasma. Sometimes blood banks pay for donations of blood. However, selling organs is strictly forbidden, thus contributing to a burdened system that has long lists of people in need of transplants. When discussing the sale of organs, the issues that prevent this from occurring are based upon ethical standards of practice. These ethics are put into place for a reason; however, framing the issue differently might provide an ethical way in which to encourage more available organs while still preserving the integrity of the medical industry. Examining the topic of organ donation requires studying health behaviors. Health is a social issue, the ways in which health issues managed part of a social construction of behaviors in which medical personnel and patients interact towards defining the experience of illness and disease (Siegel and Alvaro 4). While the medi cal science provides treatments for health issues, society creates structures for administering those treatments. The frustration that many patients have is that there is treatment available, but the necessary components needed, whether that be federal laws, money, or medical materials, are not available. At this point, the social system reveals one of its flaws. In the case of organ donation, the lists are much longer than the availability of the required organs. Thus, the drive for organ donation becomes vital in providing the quantity of organs needed to save those that are suffering from various diseases. When considering all types of transplants, including tissue transplants, the chances of a person needing some form is one in two people (Institute of Medicine Committee on Rates of Organ Donation, 2006, p. 293). According to UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) (2011), the total number of people who are active on the organ transplant list is 72,260 with 110,624 total on the list as of 2:07pm on April 1, 2011. The difference is caused by those who are on the list, but who are inactive because they have become medically ineligible, either temporarily or permanently. From January to December of 2010, there were 28,664 transplants from 14,506 donors (UNOS). This difference reveals a disparity between the number of available organs to the actual need. In Africa, Asia, Europe and South America, the commercialization of organ transplants occurs, with renal transplants being one of the more commonly sold form of

Causes and impacts of the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Causes and impacts of the War of 1812 - Essay Example remained neutral. In 1805, the British defeated a combination of French and Spanish fleets near Cape Trafalgar, confirming its status as the world’s most powerful naval power. The main strength of the French, on the other hand, lay in its strong ground forces. Since the two opponents could not directly pit their strengths against one another, they resorted to economic strangulation methods. This was the first reason why Britain resorted to unfair maritime practices. The second reason was the perception that the American merchant marine was unfairly benefiting greatly from the European war, while also growing at a rapid pace thus posing a threat to Britain’s naval dominance and its commercial shipping (Harney). The British Orders in Council of 1807 decreed that all neutral ships should pass through British ports. France’s Berlin decree of 1806, and Milan decree of 1807 proclaimed Britain as commercially isolated, and condemned neutral nations whose ships adhered to the British decree. America perceived that both countries were disregarding its neutral rights, but British maritime practices were opposed more because Britain controlled the seas (Gateway New Orleans). Impressment refers to the right to search for deserters of a nation’s armed forces. Britain started stopping and searching American ships for British deserters – an act looked upon as a breach of sovereignty. American displeasure was exacerbated by the arrogant power entrusted by the British to their naval officers whereby they made unilateral, on-the-spot judgments about the nationality of any man on the boarded vessel Britain resorted to impressment because an increasing number of its sailors were deserting the navy due to discouraging factors like poor food, hard work and excessive discipline and preferring to work in the American merchant marine that itself faced a shortage of sailors and could afford to offer British deserters a wage treble of what

Assessment and Child Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Child Essay Assessments are very important in determining how to teach our children and where they are in terms of development. There are many types of assessments that can be beneficial in helping determine how to approach the learning style of each child as an individual instead of as a whole group. While each assessment is structurally different, they can produce results which give us insight on where our children are during different stages of their lives. There are both formal and informal assessments that can be used. â€Å"Formal assessments are norm-referenced tests that have standardized, formal procedures for administering, timing and scoring. They have been â€Å"normed† or administered to a representative sample of similar age or grade level students so that final test results can be compared to students of similar characteristics. Test results indicate a person’s relative performance in the group. These standardized tests must be administered as specified in the manual to ensure valid and reliable results†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). There is another type of formal assessment called criterion-referenced test. These type of test measure what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. A CRT compares a person’s performance with their past performances. â€Å"In criterion-referenced measurement, the emphasis is on assessing specific and relevant behaviors that have been mastered rather than indicating the relative standing in the group†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). Formal assessments can prove to be beneficial as far as comparing test scores over a period of time and how the child is developing over that same period. While formal assessments are useful they also have flaws in them. Standardized test can make a child feel like pressure and anxiety. In a lot of situations when a child feels like this they will not do their best on any type of assessment. Another problem with these types of tests is that they use the same set of questions for all the children and are not sensitive to the situations that different children endure. Children who live in poor and underdeveloped environments may not be exposed to certain ways of life and may not have the same advantages of acquiring knowledge as the other children they go to school with. This will automatically put them at a disadvantage in school and on test they may take. There is another way to do an assessment that is better suited for the child and does not make them feel so uncomfortable and that is an informal assessment. An informal assessment focuses on play and observation of the child and not a test of sorts. By observing the child in a certain situation you can record how they act and how they respond to different situations and stimuli that are presented to them. You can use check-list and rating scales to record your findings and document them and file them away in a portfolio. Another way to do an informal assessment is by parent interviews. You can find out a lot of valuable information by asking the parents questions about their child. Over the past few years teachers have placed more emphasis informal testing than formal testing. â€Å"Some districts have increased the use of curriculum-based measurements(CBM). Several samples of a student’s performance are collected, using items drawn from the local curriculum, usually in basic skill subjects of reading, math, spelling and written expression. Such brief tests are called â€Å"probes†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). One form of an informal assessment is the Battelle Developmental Inventory. â€Å"The Battelle Developmental Inventory is an assessment for infants and children through age seven. It is a flexible, semi-structured assessment that involves observation of the child, interviews with parents and caregivers, developmental and social history, and interaction with the child using game-like materials, toys, questionnaires, and tasks† (Logsdon). This type of assessment is used to make sure that infants and children are reaching their developmental milestones or showing early signs of learning disabilities or developmental delays. This assessment can also be used through examiner/child and parent/child interaction. Examiners observe the child’s responses and score them based on standardized criteria. The parent caregiver input is also important in the assessment because it is used to gather information about the child’s history and interactions that take place beyond the testing session. When this assessment is used to observe the toddler through preschool development it is mostly done by tasks that involve testing the child with games, toys and tasks. They observe how the child follows directions, interacts with others, and how they perform certain tasks. Parent information is used to assess areas that can’t be observed during the testing session. The performance scores are based on standardized criteria. The Battelle is used to assess five components of development. They are adaptive behavior, personal and social skills, communication including expressive and receptive language, gross and fine motor skills, and finally cognitive skills are included. The results of this assessment can be used to determine if there are delays and how significant they are based on the age group the child is in. Another good assessment tool is play-based assessment. This is simply observing the child in their natural environment. By doing this the observer is able to see interactions between the child and their peers as well as how they speak, the language they use and their motor abilities. It is good to record all this information and keep it in an ongoing portfolio. By keeping a written record of what has been observed and any areas of concern you may suspect, you will have more information to share with the parents and find the proper method of dealing with the problems. I feel there is a major advantage when you use an informal assessment as opposed to a formal one. With formal assessments you can never really tell how smart a child really is. These types of assessments are based on statistics of a large group of children not the children as individuals. Just because children do well on a test does not necessarily make them smarter than others, it simply means they have better test taking skills. There are lots of times that the smartest people do horrible on tests just because they suffer from anxiety and get nervous. You can take the same kids that do poorly on a test and give them an informal assessment where they feel comfortable and you will get different results. Standardized tests are not a reliable means of assessing intelligence based on the fact stated above. These types of tests are often overused in this country and they do not take into account the comfort level or socioeconomic background of the child being tested. These play a more important role in test taking than the test itself. This is the number one reason kids are misdiagnosed for having  learning disabilities and other disorders such as ADHD. I also feel that a good relationship with the parents is essential in determining the educational needs of the child. No one knows their children better than the parents or caregivers. They are the ones who spend the most time with the children and can fill you in on patterns of behavior not seen during a certain test taking session. Parents are the most important resources you can obtain information from when dealing with children. I would strive to keep the parents informed of everything that was going on with their child and how to help them with anything that raised a red flag. The parents should always be informed when an assessment is going to be used. A parent could be upset when their child is going to be tested for a development problem without their consent. If you explain the process and how it can help to determine if the child is developmentally behind it can ease the parent’s mind and make everyone more comfortable. I feel that assessments can be beneficial if they are conducted in the proper manner. Making a child feel more comfortable in their environment is the best way to truly assess them and find out if they are lagging in certain areas of development. It is equally important to always keep the parents involved in all decisions affecting their child and the processes used to assess them. The information used by assessments can help make sure children are developmentally on track, just remember the most important factor is the comfort level of the child. Without assessments a plan of action cannot be implemented or executed if the child is behind in any facet of development. Bibliography Logsdon Ann. Testing for Infant and Toddler Development. About. com Guide. http://learningdisabilities. about. com/od/intelligencetests/p/battelledevelop. htm. Accessed on December 10, 2012. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. Assessments for Young Children. 1999. http://www. 1donline. org/article /6040/ Accessed December 10, 2012. Sue C. Wortham (2012). Assessment in Early Childhood Education. 6th ed.

Jane Eyre as an Independent Woman Essay -- Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre as an Independent Woman Jane Eyre was probably the most shocking and controversial novel of it’s time. Not only was it almost unheard of for a readable novel to be written by a woman, but the views and opinions expressed by the character of Jane Eyre were unthinkable and before their time. In the eighteenth century, when Queen Victoria was at the height of her reigning day, People were far more reserved that the people of today. People were much more prudish and kept themselves to themselves. Life, in general, was very class orientated with the aristocrats of the day dominating the social status whilst the poor were ostracized. Therefore, moving to a higher class was near impossible. Society was very much male dominated. Women were expected to obey a man’s commands and were treated inferior to their male superior. Therefore, a novel written by a woman was never read, since it was deemed unworthy to be read by the literature critics all of which were male. Consequently, Charlotte Bronte published under the name Currer bell- a man’s name. We first see Jane’s Independence at Gateshead; she was â€Å"excluded from privileges intended for happy content little children† she was isolated from family activities and this may explain why she was so autonomous, standing up to her elders and the superiority of the young Master John Reed. During a â€Å"moment’s mutiny† she attack’s him in a â€Å"picture of Passion†. This would have been severely frowned upon since it was unheard of for a lady not to know her place and not to strike he benefactress’ son. She documents John Reed as being â€Å"A murder†¦a slave driver†¦like the roman emperors† At this period of time, in which children should be seen and not heard; young lad... ...sing that she truly could not live without Mr. Rochester she goes in search of him and finds Thornfield â€Å"burnt to a cinder† and the residence residing at Fern dean manor For the period of time this book was written, Jane’s thoughts and actions defied the norm for women of the day. Her independence outruns all expectations for women at this period of time, and is probably on par with ladies of today, and rebels against stereotypical images of women that have been present since the bible, such as men being the stronger sex and women needing a man to succeed in life. Although these trivial things are widely accepted as being untrue nowadays in the nineteenth century it was though to be true and many people then saw this novel as shocking and controversial. Therefore I can conclude that Jane was an independent woman of her time and probably ours as well.

Understanding Leadership as a Theory

Understanding Leadership as a Theory 06 June 2012 word count: 250 By: Author The purpose of this essay is to discuss what I have learned by reading this weeks assigned chapter in regards to understanding leadership as a theory. I will discuss the building blocks of â€Å"theory', as well as take a look at the organization in which I work in to take a look at variables that may be used to evaluate the performance of the President of my company.Leadership as a theory in chapter 3 mentions a great Tory of the Janitor at NASA working late because the president had instilled in him a sense of pride that made him want to work late without getting paid. However, when looking at the Anatomy of Theory we find that it can be broken down into specific units, â€Å"namely, the theory itself, followed by subordinate constructs, variables, and personalized measures† (Ludlow, G. R. & Copula, M. N. , 2011).I found my looking at these specific units; it became clearer on how leadership as a t heory can be utilized to learn how to become a better leader. I would have to agree that this chapter was o pedantic, In that it seemed to break down things too deep. Within my organization the senior leadership Is measured based upon his ability to lead and make tough decisions. Because we are non-profit organization, research, and academic that Includes clinics, we must have a leader that understands the many facets of the business.The variables that must be used Include knowledge, ability, and skill at a CEO level In order to understand how the college operates. â€Å"Given that leadership knowledge comes from several disciplines, It Is Important to use social science-based methods to provide clarity to the study of leadership† ( Ludlow, G. R. & Copula, M. N. , 2011). I believe that If you look Into each aspect of the business, you will find that all these variables mentioned can be placed Into each part of the operations. References Ludlow, G.R. & Copula, M. N. (2011). Le adership for Healthcare Professionals: Theory, Skills, and Applications. Sturdy, Maine: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Understanding Leadership as a Theory By mike floors WIDE : Understanding Leadership as a Theory too pedantic, in that it seemed to break down things too deep. Within my organization the senior leadership is measured based upon his ability to lead and academic that includes clinics, we must have a leader that understands the many facets of the business.

Why Do I Need A Piece Of Paper - 772 Words

These days, marriage has a 50 percent probability of surviving intact. Daniel Manzuk wrote â€Å"why do I need a piece of paper to prove I love this person?† this question is common in many countries. Love is not about the words that are written on the paper in the court or in the church. And the paper is not so that people know that you love each other. Love is the feeling when you will do anything or give up anything for a person even if it means dying for that person. The paper is about proof of commitment. Over many years, things have changed. The old adage, â€Å"first comes love, then comes marriage, then comes child,† has been rearranged to be â€Å"first comes love, then comes child, then comes marriage.† Each country has a different value placed on marriage. If we take this into account and compare marriage in America and Libya, they both have the same values for happiness, but they have different customs and culture. Firstly, culture is one of the most powerful sources of information about marriage. Both America and Libya have the same value but a different view. American culture both values and devalues marriage in a variety of ways. In fact, the immense majority of Americans will marry at the same period of time demonstrates the value that society puts on married. Nevertheless, in recent times the number of couples who choose living together as a substitution to marriage clearly has risen. In summation, it has become prevalence to end marriage through divorce.Show MoreRelated The Importance of Clarity in Writing Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pages To write a good paper is there a magical recipe to follow? If there is you will not find it in these two books; Williams Style: Toward Clarity and Grace and Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style. What you will find is the elements that should be present to have a successful paper. 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I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinar y feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving theRead MoreHow to Analyze an Expository Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesreading a form of exposition because the authors main purpose of writing that article or essay is to inform the reader about a topic. In the classroom, many students are required to produce research papers about a specific topic, such as migration patterns of birds. The purpose of that research paper is to inform the reader, the teacher, about what are the migratory patterns of birds. 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I felt as if I wasn’t pushed hard enough in school, I was just allowed to skate by with the bare minimum requirements. In retrospect, I should’ve taken upon myself to apply myself in class, then I would have been better off now. Over the years I have tried to remember a few tips, but realize that I need to go back and work onRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Toilet Paper711 Words   |  3 Pagesfood, shelter, and toilet paper. In 1890, when toilet paper was first put on a roll, was when the world truly started. Toilet paper is the best invention ever created because it gets us clean and fresh in seconds. Joseph Gayette was the man behind it all. His invention has and will be used in the world for hundreds and hundreds of years. It’s almost as if you didn’t even leave to do your business. Imagine a life without toilet paper, I just couldn’t do it. Toilet paper is so easy to get rid of, practicallyRead MoreChallenge Questions943 Words   |  4 Pagesmarigold seed, a sunflower seed, a lima bean seed, a pea seed, and a pumpkin seed on a paper plate. Make sure all of these materials are mixed up on the plate. Also, place three paper plates on the tray. Using the marker label one plate â€Å"seeds†, the second plate â€Å"not seeds†, and the third plate put a question mark. Make sure Challenge 1 is printed on a piece of paper and placed on the tray. On the second tray place 2 paper plates on it. Using the marker label one plate â€Å"food seeds† and the other plateRead MoreMy Autobiography Of Myself As A Writer1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbest choice I made. When I started this English 102 class with Dr. Brockman, I didn’t feel that I was a great writer. I knew I had so much to stay; the struggle was putting in on paper. I knew that regardless of how hard this class was for me, I was going to see it through. I produced 3 major papers to this class. My First paper was on Advertising titled Off with Her Head; My second paper was written on Panopticism titled Heaven or Hell? My third paper was a research paper of my choice; I chose toRead MoreProse Literature : Summary And Analysis Of Lamb To The Slaughter939 Words   |  4 Pages1. Introduction a. I have chosen to do my paper on analyzing a piece of prose Literature. I will analyze the piece on the elements of fiction. I want to give a summary and analysis of the Prose piece. b. For this assignment, I chose to do â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter†. I thought it was a great story for this because the way the author wrote it. 2. Characters a. In the short time, we saw the husband we can assume he was unhappy. He was older and he was forced to stand constantly. He would drink to soften